Educational Philosophies of R.N.Tagore and M.Gandhi

Educational Philosophies of Rabindra Nath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi- a comparative Study Anita Rani Assistant Professor ( CT College of Education , Jalandhar) Education is derived from the Latin word’ Educare’ which means ‘to bring up’ and Latin word ‘Educere’ which means ‘to bring forth’. It was Latin author ‘Varro’ who said ‘Educit Oberix, Educat, Nutrix institut Padagogogus, Docet, Magister’ which means ‘the mid- wife brings forth, and nurse bring up, the tutor trains and the master teaches.’ Accordingly, Education does not merely mean the acquisition of knowledge or experience but it means the development of habits, attitudes and skills which help a man to lead a full and worthwhile life. Since theorists retrieves it from word†¦show more content†¦He made unique contribution in the renaissance of modern India and achievements in field of literature, philosophy art and education. â€Å"The fundamental purpose of education is not merely to enrich ourselves through the fullness of knowledge, but also to establish the bond of love and friendship between man and man.† R.N.Tagore Educational philosophy of Rabindra Nath Tagore Tagore realized that education system of India suffered from the loss of contact with the environment and education. He made unique contribution in the renaissance of modern India and achievements in the field of literature, philosophy, art and education. He tried to make educational experiments and innovations on the basis of intellectual, moral and spiritual values of ancient India and worked for an understanding between Eastern and western culture. Tagore was a poet and a Saint too; who had through his imagination and insight realized the universal soul in him and in nature. He believed that this realization was the goal of education. Because the universal soul is the root of our soul; man’s aim in life is to reach that universal soul of which all human beings are parts. Principle of self – education based on self- realization, and the process of self realization is as permanent as that of education. Education must make

Flare Case Free Essays

Subject: Flare Fragrance Recommendation Background: Flare was founded in 1955 as a small manufacturer of women’s fragrances. Over a period of time, Flare has dominated the fragrance market, generating 9. 5% of the total women’s fragrance market and had grown in to a No. We will write a custom essay sample on Flare Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4 player in the U. S women’s fragrances market. Flare has released 6 brands in the market namely Loveliest, Awash, Summit, Essential, Swept Away and Natural. Economic crisis has impacted Flare’s market share. Sales in 2007 were 12% and by 2008, the estimate was only 2% growth. Flare’s goal for 2009 was to generate $7. 5 million in incremental revenue and reverse declining sales trend. Recommendation: Flare should promote Natural with loveliest umbrella in 18-34 years age range and expand its efforts in the drug store channel. Rationale: 1. Natural fits Flare’s portfolio, both financially and strategically. Promoting Natural with loveliest umbrella will benefit Flare to meet its target sales numbers for 2009. Loveliest brand was introduced in 1975 and it still holds a strong equity in the market. It is positioned as a classic scent in the older age group. These customers will serve as evangelist and contribute to the promotion of Natural brand. As a result of the focus group sessions (ex 5), Projected sales for 2008 for Natural is $9. 1MM(ex 1). Based on forecasted numbers in table1, expected sales for 2009 could be $10. 15MM. Keeping the same communication budget from 2008 of 2. 7 MM to Natural in 2009 (exhibit 4), the expected revenue from Natural would be around 7. 45MM (table 2). 2. Natural is a recent launch under the loveliest umbrella and it is reaching slightly younger demographic, who are looking for the environmentally safer products or so called â€Å"green product† (page# 2). Natural is currently positioned as a chic brand in the younger age group (ex 3). 18-34 year age group women are highly brand aware with sensitivity to premium and prestige brands and word of mouth is influential for this age group(ex 5). Promoting Natural in the slightly younger age group will benefit Flare’s overall sales. 3. Arlmont’s review of current recession era (page#3), shows that mid-tier and premium brands will be increasingly available in the mass channels. Market development strategy can be used to expand Natural in the drug store. As a result of the focus group sessions (ex 5), 20% of customers shop at the drug store. Flare’s sales at the drug store do not mirror overall market and there is a potential for expansion in that space. Drug store chains have evolved over time and some of them also have high end features like on-site aestheticians to assist shoppers in selecting a particular brand. With the current economic conditions, customer with 18-34 yrs age group would get directed to the drug stores in search of cheaper prices. Placing free samples of Natural in the drug stores and Natural testers in the point of purchase will generate trial. Based on the information from table 3, after increasing the % allocation in drug store for Natural from 0. 5% to 2. 5% in (ex 1), the flare factory sales for 2009 will increase from 9. 1MM to 11. 3 MM. Additional 1. 15 MM can be spent on promotional budget for point of sale samples, expected revenue from natural can be 7. 45MM. Risk: 1. Drugstores would typically sell only Flare’s highest turnover items, which might damage Flare’s relationship with other retail accounts. 2. It can be difficult to position Natural in the 18-34 age group with the loveliest umbrella as women in this age group can perceive loveliest as a classic brand. Table 1 | Natural brand Sales forecast| 2006| 2007| 2008| 2009| 7|   Not available| 9. 1| 10. 15| 2009 sales figures are forecasted based on the % sales increase from 2006 to 2009. Table 2| | Natural brand| 2009 – expected factory sales(MM)| 10. 15| 2009 – communication budget(MM)| 2. 7| Incremental revenue| 7. 45| Table3 How to cite Flare Case, Papers

Fiscal and Monetary Policy in United States †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Fiscal and Monetary Policy in United States. Answer: Fiscal and Monetary Policy in United States In government role in United States in fostering growth of the nation extends beyond its regulatory role in specific industries. US government has the objective to maintain overall economic pace, achieve goal of a high employment level, and stabilize prices. The two main instrument used for achieving these goals are fiscal policy and monetary policy. The fiscal policy is used to determine the level of government expenditure and taxation (Aghion, Hemous Kharroubi, 2014). Monetary policy on the other hand stabilize prices and inflation level by controlling the money supply. In the history of American economic policy, the regulation evolved using the through a combination of monetary and fiscal policy. Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy is the changes in government expenditure and taxes to stimulate the economy. Prior to great depression. The government the believed in the free market lasses-faire and tried not to intervene in the economic activity hoping to maintain a balanced budget. The present status of fiscal policy of US is determined as a police response of Great recession. In response to the recession, government realizes need for expanding transfer payment (Pereira Lopes, 2014). The fiscal expansion undertaken during this period initially leads to unprecedented deficit. The demographic trend and stretch of social security for points to a sustained increase in transfer and increases the possibility of fiscal deficit in the future. The following figures show the some key variables of federal budget of US such as outlays, revenues deficit and debt holding of the public as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product. The figures shows the ten-year budget forces as projected by the Congressional Budget Office. Before the great recession, average government revenue was 17.5 percent of GDP. Two consecutive recessions in US one in December 2007 and other in June 2009 made Federal government to design tax policy that decreased tax revenue significantly. In 2013, government has made a permanent cut in the tax rate that has reversed for some of the high-income earners. This has helped to bring the level of revenue to the normal level (Mbanga Darrat, 2016). Based on the estimate the expected average 18.1 percent in the next decade. In US on an average expenditure exceeds the revenues. The gap between revenue and expenditure are explained by the debt payment. The downward trajectory of government outlays in 1990s has reversed in 2000. After the great recession, there was a big surge in the outlays in approaching towards 24.4 percent of GDP during 2009. The decline in revenue and increase in government expenditure to boost the economy raises government outlays leading to high deficit. The government provides tax relief to the taxpayers in terms of reduction in the payroll and income tax. The decrease in the income tax as proportionate to GDP is due to the bracket creep. The discretionary expenditure and outlays for defense are projected to contract to stimulate productive investment. Government maintains is mandatory expenditures such as those for health care and social security. The health care and security would average 11.3 percent of GDP. The US government to escape the economy from shocks of the financial crisis increases fiscal expenses and largely absorb the deficits. If the projected tax revenue from income tax does not met the expectation then there are possibility lower interest rate gain to be cut out with revenue losses. Monetary Policy in US With growing importance on budget outlays the federal Reserves has shifted its attention towards the monetary policy. Monetary policy in the United State is designed by the Federal Reserve System and is reluctant to the agency of government. Commercial banks are abide by the Federal law while state ownership banks have optional membership. The main objective of the monetary policy is to control the money supply in the economy. To control the credit and money supply in US economy Federal Reserve uses three main tools. Open market operation is the most important tool that is conducted with transaction of government securities (Odell, 2014). In times of recession, it is needed to increase the supply of money. For this Fed buys securities from business, banks and individual to inject money in the economy. Government purchases securities in exchange of checks which when deposited in the banks creates new cash reserves. A part of these reserves banks lend and use for investment result in a n increase money circulation. When Fed wishes to contract the economy and a reduced money supply then it sells existing securities to the economic agents and absorb the reserves. A second tool for Fed money supply control is the specification for taking deposits that the institution need to be keep aside either in the form of currency in values or as regional reserve deposits. When Fed raises the limit of this, withhold money banks left with lower deposits to lend out and thereby helps to expand economy. The lowering of the deposit limit increases the money supply by raising more funds available to banks. Here, banks more often lend money each other to fulfill their reserve requirement (Crdia et al., 2015). During this time the decision regarding tight or lose monetary policy depends on the rate at which the money lends called the federal funds rate. Discount rate is the third determinant of money supply. The discount rate is the interest rate that commercial banks have to pay for f unds borrowed from the Reserve Bank. An increase in the discount rate discourages borrowing by raising the cost of borrowing while a decrease in the discount rate encourages borrowing. This is how discount rate alters the loanable funds for banks. These tools of Federal Reserve allows expansion and contraction of credit supply. The availability of money supply determines the interest rate and investment. However, there are factors that often complicate Fed ability of implement monetary policy (Lombardi Zhu, 2014). There are different forms of money and it becomes unclear about which one to target. Today, the importance upon the monetary policy and reduced role of fiscal policy reflect both economic and political realities. References Aghion, P., Hemous, D., Kharroubi, E. (2014). Cyclical fiscal policy, credit constraints, and industry growth.Journal of Monetary Economics,62, 41-58. Crdia, V., Ferrero, A., Ng, G. C., Tambalotti, A. (2015). Has US monetary policy tracked the efficient interest rate?.Journal of Monetary Economics,70, 72-83. Lombardi, M. J., Zhu, F. (2014). A shadow policy rate to calibrate US monetary policy at the zero lower bound. Martin, F. (2017).U.S. Fiscal Policy: Reality and Outlook. Retrieved 22 November 2017, from Mbanga, C. L., Darrat, A. F. (2016). Fiscal policy and the US stock market.Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting,47(4), 987-1002. Odell, J. S. (2014).US international monetary policy: Markets, power, and ideas as sources of change. Princeton University Press. Pereira, M. C., Lopes, A. S. (2014). Time-varying fiscal policy in the US.Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics Econometrics,18(2), 157-184.

Jane Austens Novel Sense And Sensibility English Literature Essay free essay sample

In Jane Austens fresh Sense and Sensibility, she portrays sense and esthesia through Elinor and Marianne Dashwood. Elinor Dashwood represents sense, in contrast her sister Marianne Dashwood represents esthesia. Throughout the novel, the actions, ideas and conversations help the reader realize non merely how different the characters are, but how each truly embodies one of the rubric features. Elinor Dashwood, age 19, represents sense. She has the ability to regulate and command her feelings. She shows ground and restraint. Elinor besides tries to assist anyone that she can assist. Although Elinor is the prototype of sense, she is still passionate. Elinor, this eldest girl whose advice was so effective, possessed a strength of apprehension and imperturbability of judgement which qualified her, though merely 19, to be the counselor of her female parent, and enabled her often to antagonize, to the advantage of them all, that avidity of head in which must by and large hold led to imprudence. We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Austens Novel Sense And Sensibility English Literature Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She had an first-class bosom ; her temperament was fond, and her feelings were strong, but she knew govern them. It was a cognition which her female parent had yet to one of her sisters had resolved neer to be taught. ( Austen, 8. ) This quotation mark is the first clip you can really see Elinor s portraiture of sense. Elinor meets Edward Ferrars, Fanny s brother, when he visits Norland. Edward is diffident and non really fine-looking, but he is really fond. She falls in love with him, but she denies it. She merely admits that she likes him. This is one illustration of how she portrays sense. Edward Ferrars was non recommended to their good sentiment by any curious graces of individual or reference. He was non fine-looking, and his manners required familiarity to do them delighting. He was excessively diffident to make justness to himself ; but when his natural shyness was overcome, his behavior gave every indicant of an unfastened, fond bosom. His apprehension was good, and his instruction had given it solid betterment. But he was neither fitted by abilities nor temperament to reply the wants of his female parent and sister, who longed to see him separate as-they barely knew what. They wanted him to do a all right figure in the universe in some mode or other. ( Austen, 17. ) This quotation mark shows how Edward Ferrars, like Elinor, portrays sense. Marianne Dashwood, Elinor s younger sister, represents esthesia. She is self-generated, unprompted, and really emotional. Marianne is besides really devoted to what she loves. Although, Marianne is non ever foolish and froward. She wants a fine-looking adult male, with grace and spirit. Possibly, said Marianne, I may see it with some surprise. Edward is really good-humored, and I love him tenderly. But yet, he is non the sort of immature adult male ; there is a something wanting-his figure is non dramatic ; it has none of that grace which I should anticipate in the adult male who could earnestly attach my sister. His eyes want all that spirit, that fire, which at one time announce virtuousness and intelligence. And besides all this, I am afraid, mama, he has no existent gustatory sensation. Music seems barely to pull him ; and though he admires Elinor s drawings really much, it is non the esteem of a individual who can understand their worth. It is apparent, in malice of his frequent attending to her while she draws, that, in fact, he knows nil of the affair. He admires as a lover, non as a cognoscente. To fulfill me, those characters must be united. I could non be happy with a adult male whose gustatory sensation did non in every point coincide with my ain. He must come in into all my feelings ; the same books, the same music, must capture us bothaˆÂ ¦ ( Austen, 19. ) This quotation mark explains precisely what Marianne is looking for in a adult male, the complete antonym of her sister. After traveling to Barton Cottage, Marianne and Margaret, their 13 twelvemonth old sister, make up ones mind to research the hills of Barton. It begins pouring raining out of nowhere and the misss run down the hill in a haste to acquire place. While running down the hill, Marianne falls and twists her mortise joint. John Willoughby, a fine-looking immature adult male, sees Marianne and Margaret, and helps Marianne get place. Willoughby visits Marianne about every twenty-four hours after that. She finds that they have a batch in common and begins to wish him. Marianne openly proclaims her love for John Willoughby, unlike her sister concealing her love for Edward Ferrars. Although, Willoughby finally stops traveling to see Marianne. Willoughby and Marianne end up acquiring married to other people. Willoughby, like Marianne, represents esthesia. Marianne s abilities were, in many respects, rather equal to Elinor s. She was reasonable and clever, but eager in everything: her sorrows, her joys, could hold no moderateness. She was generous, good-humored, interesting ; she was everything but prudent. ( Austen, 8. ) This quotation mark is the first clip the reader sees how Marianne embodies esthesia. After Mr. Dashwood and Henry dice, Marianne portrays her esthesia through inordinate bereavement. Elinor shows her sense, because she does non demo her emotions as openly as Marianne. Elinor s emotions are more pent-up. Marianne and Elinor are both down about go forthing Norland, besides. Marianne is really dramatic about it, while Elinor s depression is non that noticeable. Both Elinor and Marianne autumn in love, so appear to hold been betrayed by their lovers, and the novel vividly dramatizes their widely differing responses, with the primary heroine ( Elinor ) guided by sense and the desire to command her heartache, while Marianne cultivates and intensifies her agony, irrespective of the effects to herself and to her household. What happens to each sister affairs less than how each deals with her letdown. ( Sternlicht ) This quotation mark shows how Marianne s emotions are over dramatic and Elinor s emotions are more suppressed. Elinor finally finds out that Edward is besides engaged to Lucy Steele. When Elinor finds this out, she is really rational about it. She believes that Lucy and Edward s battle is vernal infatuation. Finally, Marianne marries Colonel Brandon. Like Marianne, Brandon represents esthesia. Brandon was ever willing to do personal forfeits for the good of others. He is inherently a adult male of esthesia and extremely developed moral sense, whether by 18 th-century or modem criterions. ( Ray ) Marianne fundamentally says that she wants a adult male that is merely like her, which makes it eldritch for these two to acquire married. Many characters in the book, besides Marianne, show esthesia. A few of these characters are Mrs. Dashwood, Margaret, and John Willoughby. The lone individual that represents sense throughout the book is Elinor, that is why she is the prototype of sense in this novel. Marianne is the lone character that truly takes it to the extreme, though. Marianne is immature, intolerant, an absolutist of esthesia. I could non be happy with a adult male whose gustatory sensation did non in every point coincide with my ain, she observes at the beginning of the novel, and imagines that she has found such a adult male in Willoughby. Emotion must be intense, or it is unreal. There can be no uncertainty of the world of Marianne s heartache when she eventually acknowledges Willoughby s perfidy it about kills her. ( Sternlicht ) This book reflects Jane Austen s life. She represents sense and her sister represents esthesia. Many of the things that happen in this book, happened in Jane Austen s personal life. Austen s state of affairs as a immature adult female mirrored that of the Dashwood sisters at the beginning of the novel: after her male parent s decease, Austen, along with her female parent and sister, was forced to trust on the benevolence of relations ( in Austen s instance, her brothers ) for fiscal support. Although the novel is non autobiographical, Austen understood the place of adult females who were deprived of the agencies to gain an income but needed to keep their societal standing. Much critical commentary on Sense and Sensibility trades with the footings referred to in the title- sense versus esthesia. Some have concluded that Austen advocated a adult female s possessing sense, non esthesia. ( Explanation of: Sense and Sensibility ) This book had a batch to make with what was traveling on around her excessively. She wrote this book in the 18th century between two cultural motions. This could be why she chooses to travel with the sense vs. esthesia subject. In decision, this book was written in the 18th century between two cultural motions. Most of the events that take topographic point in this book reflect Jane Austen s life. She portrays sense, like Elinor Dashwood. Although sense and esthesia can travel manus in manus, these two characters are wholly different. Elinor Dashwood is the prototype of sense, while her sister Marianne is the exact antonym. Elinor has the ability to regulate and command her feelings. She shows ground and restraint. Elinor besides tries to assist anyone that she can assist. Elinor is more suppressed than her sister. She is really quiet with her love life and she tries to conceal it from everybody. Elinor feels like an castaway in her household, because both of her sisters and her ma portray esthesia, so she is the eccentric of the household. On the other manus, Marianne Dashwood represents esthesia. She is self-generated, unprompted, and really emotional. She is besides really devoted to what she loves. Mari anne is really passionate about everything she does. Marianne is the prototype of esthesia. She takes it to the extreme and is one of the most dramatic characters in this novel. Although Marianne portrays esthesia, she is still really froward and she is non foolish. She falls profoundly in love and she is non afraid to demo it. Many characters in this book besides show marks of esthesia. These include: Margaret Dashwood, Mrs. Dashwood, and John Willoughby. Marianne falls in love with John Willoughby, but he ends up go forthing her. Marianne finally gets married to Colonel Brandon. Elinor gets married to Edward Ferrars. But, while they are married he gets engaged to Lucy Steele. There are many ups and downs in this book. Elinor and Marianne become down when their male parent, Mr. Dashwood, and Henry die. They are besides depressed when they have to travel from Norland to Barton Cottage. Elinor and Marianne have really different ways of demoing their depression, though. Elinor s depre ssion is instead pent-up and Marianne s depression is really known and dramatic. Marianne grieves through inordinate bereavement, while Elinor is rational about everything. Marianne and Elinor Dashwood are really strong characters in this novel. Although one is more unfastened about it than the other, Marianne and Elinor both autumn in love and acquire hurt. They are both really disquieted, but Elinor is rational about it while Marianne is really dramatic. These characters portray sense and esthesia through their words and their actions. Many people today portray these features. It may non be as noticeable now, but it is still at that place. There is a small spot of Marianne Dashwoood or Elinor Dashwood in everybody.

Free Essays on The Flood Of Gilgamesh

Utanapishti & Noah: A Comparative Analysis In the Epic of Gilgamesh the story of Utanapishtim is very similar to the story of Noah in the Holy Bible. In both stories the God(s) saw the wickedness in man and intended to destroy them. The God(s) favored one man in both stories who had similar characteristics. Both were very noble and God(s) fearing men. Utanapishtim and Noah were both given the same instructions by their God(s). In the story of Noah, God saw all that was evil in the world and wanted it destroyed. He however found favor in Noah and warned and ordered him to build a boat (ark). As God observed how bad it was, and saw that all man kind was vicious and depraved, he said to Noah, â€Å"I have decided to destroy all mankind; for the earth is filled with crime because of man. Yes, I will destroy mankind from the earth. Make a boat from resinous wood, sealing it with tar; and construct decks and stalls throughout the ship. (Genesis 6:12-14) In the story of Utanapishtim the Gods were going to destroy the city of Shuruppak and all of mankind. The Gods found favor in Utanapishtim and warned him to build a boat. O man of Shuruppak, son of Ubartutu: Tear down the house and build a boat! Abandon wealth and seek living beings! Spurn possessions and keep alive living beings! Make all living beings go up into the boat. (Tablet XI; Line 23-27) Noah built the boat (ark) exactly as God wanted and did all that God had commanded him to do. (Genesis 6:22). Utanapishtim also did as the Gods had command him and built a boat. (Tablet XI; Line 32-34) When the day came God instructed Noah to take on the boat his family, himself and all that God considered to be righteous. He also told him to bring all animals in pairs, except for the ones he had chosen for food and sacrifice (Genesis 7:1-4). Utanapishtim also took his family and whatever else he had (silver, gold). He also put all animals and the craftsmen. (Tablet XI; Line 76-81)... Free Essays on The Flood Of Gilgamesh Free Essays on The Flood Of Gilgamesh Utanapishti & Noah: A Comparative Analysis In the Epic of Gilgamesh the story of Utanapishtim is very similar to the story of Noah in the Holy Bible. In both stories the God(s) saw the wickedness in man and intended to destroy them. The God(s) favored one man in both stories who had similar characteristics. Both were very noble and God(s) fearing men. Utanapishtim and Noah were both given the same instructions by their God(s). In the story of Noah, God saw all that was evil in the world and wanted it destroyed. He however found favor in Noah and warned and ordered him to build a boat (ark). As God observed how bad it was, and saw that all man kind was vicious and depraved, he said to Noah, â€Å"I have decided to destroy all mankind; for the earth is filled with crime because of man. Yes, I will destroy mankind from the earth. Make a boat from resinous wood, sealing it with tar; and construct decks and stalls throughout the ship. (Genesis 6:12-14) In the story of Utanapishtim the Gods were going to destroy the city of Shuruppak and all of mankind. The Gods found favor in Utanapishtim and warned him to build a boat. O man of Shuruppak, son of Ubartutu: Tear down the house and build a boat! Abandon wealth and seek living beings! Spurn possessions and keep alive living beings! Make all living beings go up into the boat. (Tablet XI; Line 23-27) Noah built the boat (ark) exactly as God wanted and did all that God had commanded him to do. (Genesis 6:22). Utanapishtim also did as the Gods had command him and built a boat. (Tablet XI; Line 32-34) When the day came God instructed Noah to take on the boat his family, himself and all that God considered to be righteous. He also told him to bring all animals in pairs, except for the ones he had chosen for food and sacrifice (Genesis 7:1-4). Utanapishtim also took his family and whatever else he had (silver, gold). He also put all animals and the craftsmen. (Tablet XI; Line 76-81)...

Cryptography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cryptography - Research Paper Example The construction of c is done in such a way that there are elements which are redundant in it. This will, therefore, enable the receiver to reconstruct c even if some bits of c are corrupted by noise; the receiver will eventually reconstruct m (Gary 93). In a formal manner, an error correcting code is composed of a set, C? {0, 1} n of codewords. This set has strings which enables messages to be mapped in it before they are transmitted. In this case, a code that will be used for k-bit messages, C will have 2k elements which are distinct. So that there is some redundancy, there will be a need to have n>k. codes that are used for correcting errors can be defined in spaces which are non-binary too and this paper has construction which is straightforward and extensible in these non-binary spaces (Denning 72). For error correcting codes to be used, there will be a need for functions that will enable us to encode and decode messages. In this paper we will let M = {0, 1}k be a representation of the space message. There is a translation function, g : M C, which represent a one-to-one mapping capability of messages to codewords. What this means is that g is the mapping that is used before the transmission takes place. On the other hand, g-1 is the function that is used upon receiving of messages to retrieve codes in the codeword. There is a function, referred to as decoding function that is used for mapping n-bits that are arbitrary to codewords. This is the function, f : {0, 1}1 C U {O}. If the f function is successful, it will manage to map a given string which has n-bits x to the nearest codeword that is found in C (that is, the proximity to nearness in Hamming distance). If this not the case, then f will fail and the output will be O3. The robustness that an error-correcting code has will depend on the distance between the codewords. To make this more definite, we will need some fundamental notation that regard strings of the binary digits. For this case, we will use + and – to represent bitwise XOR operator on the bit strings. We will use a measurement Hamming weight, which is the number of ‘1’ bits that are found in u. The Hamming weight is denoted by ||u|| (this is the weight of a string which has n strings). The Hamming weight has a precise definition of the number of ‘l’ bits that are found in u. In the same perspective, the Hamming distance that is found between two strings, u and v is defined as the number of digits that make two strings to be different (Gary 62). In an equivalent manner, the Hamming distance will be equal to ||u - v||. We normally take it that a function that is used for decoding, that is function f, will have a correction threshold with a size of t if it has the ability to correct any set of t bit errors. In a more definite manner, for any codeword c â‚ ¬ C, and any error term e â‚ ¬ {0, 1}n, that has || e ||? t, this is the case that f(c+e) = c. in this case, we will regard C to have a correction threshold which has a size of t if there is a function f for C for t, which also has a correction threshold of size t. there is a an observation that the distance that is found between two codewords in C should have a distance of at least 2t + 1. The neighborhood of a codeword c is defined to be f-1 (c). This means that the neighborhood of c has a subset of strings that are n-bit long where f maps to c. the function that is used for decoding, that is function f, is set in such a way that f-1(c) has a close proximity to c that any other code word that

The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom by Wilbur H. Siebert Essay

The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom by Wilbur H. Siebert - Essay Example Seibert’ book presents a number of interesting people and unsung heroes before it readers. Among all of them, one person that particular catches the interest is Calvin Fairbank. Fairbank lived in an affluent family that was 'assigned' with two slaves. As these slaves did all the housework, once he got the opportunity to listen to the slave-woman's tale of sorrow, which kindled anger in Fairbank. Once when he was in charge of a raft of lumber, he saw a woodsman who was going to be a slave very soon. Fairbank took him on the raft and helped him. Along with o an old slave woman with 7 children, he helped this man escape by taking them to a secure location on his raft. However, this met with a lot of issues because Fairbank was charged with helping the slaves help and was sent to the penitentiary. Before he was released, the Fugitive Slave law was passed, but this did not prove to be a deterrent to his ideas. According to him, 'I resisted its execution whenever and wherever possib le' (Siebert, 1898, p. 159). He continued to help the slaves escape. This landed him in the prison again and he spent more than 17 years of his life in the prison, where some phases were filled with physical and mental torture. Through his strategy of using disguises and helping people hide, he played pivotal part in making the life better for many slaves.   One of the very interesting events in the book is about how the disguise was used as a very effective technique to help the slaves escape quietly without the threat of being caught.